Crystallisation

Crystallisation of epoxy resin formulations is not uncommon and in some cases is a reflection of the high-performance nature of these materials. Under the right conditions, any epoxy resin can crystalize. Crystallisation may present itself initially as cloudiness but can proceed to suspended crystals, sedimentation, and eventually a solid mass, given enough time under the right environmental conditions.

Similar to other types of crystal growth (i.e. water freezing to become ice) the process of epoxy crystallisation is a reversible phase change from liquid to solid. The tendency for an epoxy resin to crystallise depends on a number of factors. These include the purity of the resin, viscosity, additives, moisture, and the storage environment.

Crystallisation is hard to predict and can happen randomly. While some resins are more prone to crystallisation than others, it is not uncommon to have varying degrees of crystallisation even within a given batch of resin. This is why it is important to understand how to minimize the risk of crystallisation.

THE ROLE OF THERMAL CYCLING

The most common factor contributing to crystallisation is thermal cycling. Temperature cycles of as little as 20-30°C can significantly increase the possibility of crystal growth in epoxy resins. Minimizing temperature fluctuations in storage can dramatically improve long-term stability. Keeping resin containers sealed will also prevent moisture from potentially facilitating crystallisation. Container spouts should be wiped clean of any remaining resin after each use. Pumps and spigots should be kept clean and free of dust and debris as these can initiate crystal growth in the resin container.

IDENTIFYING CRYSTALLIsATION

The ease of identifying whether or not a resin has crystallised depends on the resin in question. Resins that are formulated to be clear, low color and free of additives are by far the easiest to identify.

CCR & CPM

Resins such as CCR and CPM may first turn cloudy as the initial stages of crystallisation begin. The CCR and CPM resins should be clear when viewed down through the container opening. Any difficulties seeing the bottom of the container may indicate that the early stages of crystallisation have begun. These resins are also the easiest when identifying that the crystallisation issue has been resolved as they will return to their clear appearance once the crystallisation has been reversed.

CLR, BRT, & ONE

Crystallisation is a bit more difficult to identify in these resins. All three utilize additives to improve flow and air release and, in the case of BRT, enhance optical characteristics. These additives give CLR an inherent cloudy appearance and BRT a bluish/purple color that is typical of these formulations. Identifying crystallisation in these resins is more difficult since the early stages of crystallisation may be masked by the inherent cloudiness or color of the resin. C

Identifying crystallisation in CLR and BRT must be done by looking for other indicators such as floating crystals, sedimentation, or large masses of crystal growth. Look in containers for any sign of crystals settled to the bottom, suspended at the air/resin interface, or clinging to the container walls. You may also remove a sample of the resin from the container and look for any grainy appearance or inconsistency in how the product flows or pours.

ELIMINATING CRYSTALLIsATION

As mentioned above, crystallisation is a reversible process. The crystals can be reverted back to their original liquid state with heat. Heating the resin container to a temperature of approximately 125°F will melt the crystals. Blending the resin may also be necessary to remove all traces of crystals. This mixing will ensure even heating and provide a uniform resin blend.

HOW TO HEAT RESIN

The most efficient approach to heating resin is the use of a water bath. This provides the best heat transfer to the crystallised resin and reduces the risk of damaging the container. Where a water bath is not practical, such as in drum or tote sizes, other heating techniques may be necessary.

If other types of heating devices are used, such as drum band heaters, blend the resin continually, and carefully monitor the temperature.

Regardless of the heating method you choose, exposing the resin to temperatures above the recommended 125°F can lead to adverse effects such as discoloration.

LENGTH OF HEATING REQUIRED

The time required to eliminate all signs of crystallisation will vary. Small containers will become crystal-free in a few hours. while larger masses such as drums or totes may require a few days due to slow heat transfer in larger masses.

It is important to ensure that all crystals are melted in the heating process. Any remaining crystals can act as a seed and promote re-crystallisation.

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